Comparing Two Companies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing Two Companies - Research Paper Example Having been the fourth time for American Express to receive this recognition shows that there is uniqueness in the corporate ethics of the company. The company has a post known as the Chief Ethics & Compliance Office. The officer in this position is responsible for ensuring that there is a commitment by the company to ethics. This commitment is also ensured from the top administration to every level up to the bottom. The Johnson & Johnson Company has a values-based ethical culture. The company is mainly guided by the credo which is a training and guidance manual. This manual was created by the Josephson Institute of Ethics. The principles that guide the company’s ethics are on a stone at the company’s headquarters in New Brunswick. The values inscribed in the credo lay down the company’s base of operations. This has the implication that staff compliance to the same determines the success of the company. While many companies have a corporate compliance office head ed by the chief compliance officer or the Ethics Officer as exemplified by the American Express, this is not the case at Johnson & Johnson. The reasoning behind the exemption of such an office is that every staff member should value themselves at the sole guardians of the ethical principles as stipulated in the credo. In every meeting or conferencing of the company, time is set aside to discuss the credo. The American Express is guided by an integrity strategy with regard to corporate ethics. This is seen through its promotion of high standards that guide business behavior. It has a sound ethical environment that results in profitability. As observed, there is no ethics compliance office which makes every employee accountable for their code of ethics in all business operations. Profits have been recorded every year due to the fact that every staff member does their level best in a non-conditioned behavior to follow the ethics of the company. It is an integrity strategy because each employee must conduct themselves with integrity under no supervision when it comes to adherence to the code of ethics. The assumption is that when such ethics are leveled regardless of the level of employees, all feel that they have the same responsible in a bid to better the company. The company expects all employees including the executives to adhere to the set out codes of ethics with the same zeal. At Johnson & Johnson, it is more of a compliance strategy. The principles are laid out in the credo which is supposed to be followed religiously. This puts pressure on employees to do everything possible to not only hit the numbers, but to also keep their jobs. This is the reason that Johnson & Johnson has been recording losses and more so, having numerous lawsuits. The lawsuits are a result of products gone back and therefore not effective to customers. Perhaps employees are busy trying to follow the credo and the management pressure to deliver profitability. While the balance betwee n patients and profits is tricky, a compliance-based kind of statement of principles may not work effectively. The observation is that compliance standards do not work well in the pharmaceutical business. The American Express company has a better Corporate Ethics Program compared to Johnson & Johnson. Firstly, it is self-motivating in that employees are their own guardians. Staff members therefore feel a sense of self-responsibility towards bettering the company. The result is that profits are

Literacy and Young People Essay Example for Free

Literacy and Young People Essay The opportunity to apply for a specialist responsibility in supporting literacy development has arisen in your educational environment. For your interview you have been asked to prepare information to show that you can: Literacy means the ability to read and write. Only recently has the word ‘literacy’ been applied as the definitive term for reading and writing, mostly since the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy in schools. The skills of reading and writing complement each other and develop together, it therefore makes sense to use the term ‘literacy’. Reading and writing are forms of communication based on the spoken language. Effective speaking and listening skills are essential in order to develop literacy skills. The progression of literacy skills is a vital aspect of development and learning. Without the ability to read, write and listen children and young people may not be able to function effectively in school, college, university or at work or communicate with others about their ideas and participate fully and safely in the community. Literacy enables children and young people to express themselves creatively and productively. The majority of jobs and careers rely on an element of basic literacy (and numeracy) skills. Literacy is required in our everyday lives, to keep us safe by being able to read signs and follow instructions, read directions, reading newspapers, recipes, food labels, dealing with household finances. Literacy also enables us to progress with technology by being able use computers competently, surfing the internet and being able to read and write emails. As the heart of all learning lies the two key skills, literacy and numeracy. Literacy is possibly the more important of both skills as children and young people need literacy in order to access further curriculum areas, e.g in order to approach a numeracy problem, the question needs to be read and  understood before the answer can begin to be found. The development of literacy is important from an early age for all children and young people. As Teaching Assistants it is likely that we will be supporting children and young people with communication difficulties or other Special Educational Needs which could have an impact on their literacy skills, a situation may also arise where English is not the first language. It is important that children and young people are encouraged to explore the way the English language works, e.g phonics for vocabulary, reading, writing and spelling. This will enable children and young people to gain knowledge to be able to read, write and spell confidently. The learning objectives are associated to 12 strands in literacy to demonstrate progression in each strand. The strands are as follows:- Speak and listen for a wide range of purposes in different contexts 1. Speaking 2. Listening and responding 3. Group discussion and interaction 4. Drama Read and write for a range of purposes on paper and on screen 5. Word recognition: decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling) 6. Word Structure and spelling 7. Understanding and interpreting texts 8. Engaging and responding to texts 9. Creating and shaping texts 10. Text structure and organisation 11. Sentence structure and punctuation 12. Presentation Within my setting we aim to encourage children and young people to be able read and write with confidence, fluency and understanding, to be able to orchestrate a full range of reading cues (phonic, graphic, syntactic, contextual) to monitor their read and be able to correct their own mistakes. To understand the sound and spelling system and use this to read and spell accurately, have fluent, legible and cursive handwriting. To have an interest in words and their meanings and a growing vocabulary. To know, understand and be able to write a number of genres in fiction and poetry,  understand and be familiar with some of the ways in which narratives are structured through basic literacy ideas of setting, character and plot. The ability to understand, use and be able to write a range of non-fiction texts, plan, draft, revise and edit their own writing, have a suitable technical vocabulary through which to understand and discuss their reading and writing. Children are encouraged to be interested in books, read with enjoyment and evaluate and justify their preferences. Develop their own powers of imagination, inventiveness and critical awareness through reading and writing. In the Foundation Stage (Nursery and Reception) Children and young people should be given the opportunity to speak, listen and represent ideas in their activities. Use communication, language and English in every part of the curriculum and to become immersed in an environment rich in print and possibilities for communication. All Key Stage 1 (Years 1 and 2) – Children and young people should learn to speak confidently and listen to what others have to say. They should begin to read and write independently (using phonic knowledge) and with enthusiasm. They should be using language to explore their own experiences and imaginary words. All Key Stage 2 (Years 3-6) – Children and young people should learn to change the way they speak and write to suit appr opriate situations, purposes and audiences. They should read a range of texts and respond to different layers of meaning in them. They should explore the use of language in literary and non-literary texts and learn how the structure of language works. Intervention groups are offered in speaking, reading, writing and listening to those children and young people who are under-attaining and booster groups for the more able. Where the pupils performance is significantly below average we will seek specialist provision such as speech therapy, EAL programmes and reading recovery will be accessed as needed. In Key stages 1 and 2, English sessions use the National Strategy unit plans (our own versions) focusing on shared reading, shared and guided writing and producing sustained outcomes. Further lessons are also used for focused activities in phonics, guided reading and comprehension. In Key Stage 1 there is a daily phonics session, daily guided reading and English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session each week. In additi on to this, there is also a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. In lower Key Stage 2 there is also a daily phonics session, four guided reading sessions and a daily  English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session every fortnight. Additionally there is also a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. In upper Key Stage 2 there is a daily phonics/spelling session, four guided reading sessions and a daily English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session every fortnight. Additional there is a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. The monitoring and evaluation of the English policy is the responsibility of the English co-ordinator who is responsible to the head teacher and the governors for the development of English throughout the school. This is to be achieved in a variety of ways: Regular discussions with staff concerning the progress of groups and individuals Involvement in long and medium term planning across the school in English Regular classroom observation and working alongside colleagues to help identify strengths and weaknesses, to provide support to individual staff where appropriate Regular monitoring of resources, planning and children’s work Reviewing of assessment outcomes and data to evaluate the quality of learning in English throughout the school. Checking that within a key stage there is coverage of the full English curriculum in line with national curriculum requirements, the early learning goals and current National Primary Framework objectives (where used) Checking that appropriate opportunities to raise multicultural and gender issues are created and taken Ensure that the time spent on the teaching of English is meeting our pupils needs  Literacy Lessons are the same time each day, afte r morning break time. They are broken down into phonics and spelling, guided reading and English. The lesson starts at 10.45 and finishes at 12.30pm. The children start by gathering on the carpet area to be given an overview of what is happening in the day’s lesson. As a Teaching Assistant a discussion would have taken place with the Class Teacher prior to the lesson taking place to establish the lesson plan and what is expected of you for the lesson. Some Teaching Assistants may have been involved with elements of planning a lesson and able to give their own ideas as to how is the best way to carry out activities. It may be that you work with a designated group of children who have development issues and require more attention. It is important that  the Teaching Assistant works together with the class teach to monitor the progress of pupils in all areas of literacy development. This will usually ensure that the children and young people are focused and able to meet the learning objectives. Some pupils will require more encouragement to participate than others through the use of praise and feedback, whilst identifying any concerns or problems they may have. Monitoring of the children and young people also involves the relaying of information to the Class Teacher in respect of learning objectives and feedback as to how the tasks were managed and how to achieve their goals going forwards. We also carry out intervention activities in my setting where a group of children are taken out of the lesson by a Teaching Assistant to carry out some additional literacy activities to concentrate on tasks such as sounds of letter groups, reading sessions and basic spellings to help improve their literacy development. There are also groups of children who are taken out of lessons 3 times a week to carry out additional reading activities to help improve their reading skills. In our classrooms, we also use a ‘working wall display’ to show the key learning objectives for the terms activities and the pupils are able to use this to assist with their learning independently. Within my setting we also have a reading partners lesson on a Thursday morning where year groups visit other class rooms and read with each other, e.g Year 4 read with reception, Year 3 read with year 1 and year 2 with year 5. This gives children and young people to the chance to gain confidence in reading and speaking in front of other children who are of a different age and more developed. Bibliography Textbooks: Textbooks: Burnham,L, Baker,B (2010) Level 3 Diploma Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (Primary). Harlow. Heinemann part of Pearson Burnham,L(2002) Brilliant Teaching Assistant. Prentice Hall Kamen, T (2008) 2nd Edition Teaching Assistants Handbook NVQ SVQ Levels 2 3. Maidstone. Hodder Education Primary School Literacy Curriculum Policy overview

Impact of Stereotypes in McQueens 12 Years a Slave

Impact of Stereotypes in McQueens 12 Years a Slave Introduction Stereotypes are a piece of our ordinary life. We hear Stereotypes consistently and all around. In some cases we can end up in a circumstance where we make Stereotypes for a vast gathering of individuals. Each individual, youthful or old, is named with either positive or negative Stereotypes. Every gathering is called by name, which does not so much fit to everybody in that particular gathering. Stereotypes influence individuals social lives, feelings, and how individuals interface with their surroundings. There are times that you are not all that open to the thought of meeting new individuals, and making new companions. You would prefer not to go outside, in light of the fact that we have put our own particular set of tenets in this world. We realize that we get censured about what we wear each and every day! We are scrutinized in which music we listen to, how we look like, how we act, and who we hang out with. We are likewise reprimanded on every other individual characteristic and blemish we have. We have put the bar far up high, perhaps excessively high for our possibilities. 12 Years a Slave Summary Steve McQueens 12 Years a Slave stars Chiwetel Ejifor as Solomon Northup, a free dark man in 1840s America. He makes his living as a fiddle player, and his wife is an educator. He is shanghaied by a couple of evil white men, and soon ends up on a boat headed to New Orleans where he is educated he will be called Platt and is sold into bondage by a deceitful agent (Paul Giamatti). As he works away for the charitable yet clashed estate holder Mr. Passage (Benedict Cumberbatch), who perceives that Platt is both taught and a craftsman, he butts head with Fords subordinates, particularly the calmly pitiless Tibeats (Paul Dano). After they have a fierce quarrel, Ford fears for his slaves life and offers him to Mr. Epps (Michael Fassbender), a dipsomaniac cruel person who claims a cotton estate. Despite the fact that Epps peruses from the scripture to his property, as he often alludes to his slaves, he is himself not resistant to sins of the flesh. He has taken the youthful Patsey (Lupita Ny ongo) his best cotton picker as his significant other, and this doesnt sit well at all with his serious wife (Sarah Paulson), whose specific scorn for blacks and her envy energizes her numerous corrupting activities to Patsey. Solomon awaits his chance, endeavors to protect a pinch of self-confidence, and sits tight for the opportunity to recover his legitimate name and additionally his crew. Perry Seibert, Rovi. Stereotype in 12 Years a Slave You dont require $20 million and 134 minutes to say something that everybody knows and concedes to so absolutely that you cant even have a level headed discussion on it any longer, in particular, bondage is awful. English producer Steve McQueens 12 Years A Slave, which discharged in India a week ago, doesnt simply show that subjection is terrible and merciless and grisly and malicious however goes ahead to exhibit, on the off chance that you missed it the first run through, or the second time or the third or fourth or fifth time, that subjugation is awful and ruthless and abhorrent and fiendish and arent we happy that this is all over and we are such decent individuals on the grounds that we have the benevolence of heart and affectability of soul to be moved and bothered by the graphically delineated torment and enduring of estate slaves in pre-civil War America. 12 Years a Slave is not a simple motion picture to be discriminating about. Its got so huge numbers of the more evident th ings right that it’s hard to wrap your head around the not really clear ways it happened. The cinematography is incredible, the acting is extraordinary, the altering is tight, and the music is more than skillful. At the same time this specialized virtuosity winds up adjusting an aesthetic extend whose fakeness is surpassed just by its clichà © both covered sublimely by the alluring appeal of the medium. The fakeness and clichà ©, as is common of such endeavors, are halfway apparent in the films steadfast generation of each Hollywood stereotype about bigotry and subjugation: Black individuals enduring – tick; psycho-cruel person slave manager – tick; gut-agitating brutality – tick; white supporter – tick. Anyhow the stereotypes alone dont clarify the lacking honesty of this great motion picture, for Django Unchained (2012), an alternate film around a slave set in before the war America, ticks off all these account buzzwords but delivers the goods as a far prevalent film. Not at all like 12 years a Slave, Quentin Tarantinos Django Unchained has a point: to excite the viewer with a basic story of retribution. In the event that Tarantinos characters are highly contrasting, it is on account of satisfying sensational necessity of the story that needs personifications to capacity. McQueens film, then again, dazed on the virtue and honorability of its imaginative mission and the ethical certitude of its topic, sways from one scene of anguish and remorselessness to an alternate from a lynching to a whipping, from a beating to a wounding, from a slapping to a hanging to a lashing to an assaulting. The cam separates the last ounce of tasteful result for each second of cam time contributed, which is not through and through amazing given that McQueen comes to silver screen from workmanship school, having been a feature establishment craftsman before turning to filmmaking. Anyhow it is stunning that McQueens characters are as one-dimensional as Tarantinos, despite the fact that 12 Years a Slave, not at all like Django Unchained, is purportedly a genuine, straight, unfazed take a gander at bondage and slave-owning America. Stereotype in Today’s Society I for one disdain stereotypes. I aversion the way that individuals think I ought to act one route due to my sex, identity, or nationality. I detest that individuals think I ought to like games on the grounds that I am a man. I loathe that individuals think I ought to be cleric in light of my identity. I detest the greater part of this on the grounds that individuals are making an idea of me situated in what they see, yet not in who I truly am. Stereotypes are an enormous issue in our general public. It puts marks about how an individual ought to act or live as per their sex, race, identity, and different actualities. This could influence people who maybe like distinctive things or do diverse exercises, however feel embarrassed about doing as such due to stereotypes. Stereotypes like all men like games or ladies are not as solid as men, are among the most well-known in our general public. Stereotypes have made a twisting of how every individual ought to be. We as a feature of the era Y ought to know how these stereotypes could influence us as people. We ought to learn not to judge and prejudge about individuals due to what we think they ought to be similar to, and ought to change our perspective about the stereotypes that are profoundly established in our general public. The negatives impacts that stereotyping causes in individuals are numerous. A percentage of the negatives impacts are mischief, poor execution in distinctive exercises, and even wellbeing issues. As per the article Long Time Effects of Stereotyping distributed in psychcentral.com, Rick Nauert contends how individuals can be influenced by stereotypes even in the wake of being presented to them. Nauert built his contentions based with respect to an investigation of the University of Toronto that demonstrates how individuals get hurt on account of stereotypes, and how it could influence their execution in distinctive undertaking. Individuals are more inclined to be forceful after theyve confronted partiality in a given circumstance. They are more inclined to show an absence of restraint. They experience difficulty making great, reasonable choices. Whats more they are more inclined to over-enjoy on undesirable sustenances says Michael Inzlicht, who drove the examination. This shows how p eople are influenced in a contrary manner due to antagonistic stereotypes. In any case not just awful stereotypes reason negative impacts in people. Great stereotypes can likewise be destructive and cause new issues. They are far more atrocious in light of the fact that individuals are not mindful they are bringing about mischief. In the article Why stereotypes are terrible actually when theyre great', distributed in the site guardian.co.uk, Oliver Burkeman clarify how great stereotypes could make an alternate issues, for example, sexism and bigotry. This can be unsafe to numerous people. Burkeman contention is situated in a study by the Duke University that found that constructive stereotypes can be destructive in diverse circumstances without individuals acknowledging they are doing as such. In this study the members were presented to fake articles identified with dark individuals. The primary article was certain and demonstrated that dark individuals are better at games. In this first article the members didnt understand this was a stereotype. Next the members were presented to an antagonistic article about that dark individuals are more inclined to brutality. At the point when asked to gauge the likelihood that a theoretical arrangement of individuals with ordinarily African-American names may carry out a wrongdoing, individuals presented to the positive stereotype appraised that probability as higher than did those presented to a negative one. The constructive stereotype (great at games) evidently prompted stronger pessimistic convictions about dark individuals than the negative one (inclined to viciousness) (Burkeman). This shows how great and terrible stereotypes are just as awful on the grounds that it causes prejudgment and prompts more concerning issues. Book: Native Son by Richard Wright All through the novel, Wright delineates the routes in which white prejudice strengths blacks into an influenced and accordingly perilous perspective. Blacks are plagued with the hardship of monetary abuse and compelled to act subserviently before their oppressors, while the media reliably depicts them as bestial beasts. Given such conditions, as Max contends, it gets to be inexorable that blacks, for example, Bigger will respond with brutality and contempt. Nonetheless, Wright accentuates the horrible twofold edged impact of prejudice: however Bigger’s viciousness originates from racial scorn, it just builds the bigotry in American culture, as it affirms bigot whites essential apprehensions about blacks. In Wrights depiction, whites successfully change blacks into their own particular negative stereotypes of darkness. Only when Bigger meets Max and starts to see whites as people does Wright offer any expectation for a method for breaking this circle of bigotry. Just when thou ghtful comprehension exists in the middle of blacks and whites will they have the capacity to see one another as people, not only as stereotypes.

Freedom of Press or Danger to Troops? Essay examples -- essays researc

Freedom of Press or Danger to Troops? The news has been an important source of information for as long as it has been around. News during a time of war is sometimes the only way a family member, friend, or general public have any idea what the soldiers are going through. Having this source of information can help rally support for our troops when they need all the support they can get. As reporters are granted more access to military operations the information they are provided, and have to report on, become a great responsibility and they should make sure to only make public what should be made public. Information is increasingly becoming the most important weapon in any militaries arsenal, so we should be more careful as to how that information is obtained and dispersed. With respect to the war in Iraq and other military operations abroad I don’t feel the press should be required to be given as much information or granted as much battlefield access as they have been. I am all for the freedom of the press and being informed as to what is happening to our troops, but to many times has information been distributed that could have had a negative impact on the outcome of an operation. One example is when Geraldo Rivera basically drew out in the sand on live television the position of the troops he was tagging along with. â€Å"Geraldo Rivera, reporting from Iraq for Fox News last week, drew a map in the sand, on camera, that gave away his unit's location† (Poniewozik 1). As he should...

Evaluate Postmodernist Explanations of the Role and Functions of Religion in Contemporary Society Essay

Evaluate postmodernist explanations of the role and functions of religion in contemporary society. Postmodernist religion can be defined as any type of religion that is influenced, interpreted or shaped by postmodernism and postmodern philosophies. Postmodern religion is not an attempt to banish religion from society; rather, it is a philosophical approach to religion that considers orthodox assumptions that may reflect power differences in society rather than universal truths. A postmodern interpretation of religion emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic, subjective and resides within the individual. Science technology and efficiency would overcome many social problems. The collapse of the ‘grand-narrative’ is part of post-modernism as it is a belief system that claims universal authority, religion; science and philosophies are examples of these. They have a superior status over other belief systems and also claimed they could explain the causes of society’s problems and could therefore provide solutions. According to Jean-Francois Lyotard, the grand-narratives powerful attraction has been lost during the 20th century. So, science hasn’t delivered solutions, wars have devastated nations, and the world is still full of evils that the grand-narratives can’t explain or resolve. Examples of this are world wars; nuclear warfare; AIDS and global poverty. The common perspective of post-modernist religion is ‘there is a god who can’t do anything, there is a god who won’t do anything, or there isn’t a god. ’ Zygmunt Bauman said post-modernity is the irretrievable loss of trust in the project of modernity and its ability to manage, enhance and fulfil human potential. Symbols, signs and meanings are also another theory to post-modernism. Mass media like television and the internet have exposed us all to different cultures and ideas from across the globe, also known as globalisation. The ‘meanings’ of things have now become more individualised, we consume the products, symbols and signs of a globalised economy, but we provide our own meanings to these. Jean Baudrillard said â€Å"we are what we consume†¦ and our identities are formed and changed through acts of consumption. † Signs and symbols have become detached from their original meanings; original purposes and meanings have become lost. Religious signs and symbols are losing their meaning, these signs and symbols have been adopted by mass consumer culture, usually used for decorative and playful purposes such as jewellery. Joseph Natoli said â€Å"post-modernity has questioned the authority and legitimizing of both faith and reason, opting for the view that both offer stories of reality†¦ both do so on the shifting sands of a post-modernist outlook. † Signs and symbols have become insecure from the things they were linked to originally. Individuals no longer identify with a single religion and so they blend different beliefs with practices to create an identity for themselves. This can be known as being utilitarian, so there is no substance to our identity and actions, we are no longer just shaped by the moulding force of socialisation. Zygmunt Bauman said the consumption of goods and services becomes more important in our lives as a way of constructing and changing identity. This consumption is addictive and advertising drags us in. â€Å"I don’t know what’s right and what’s real anymore, and I don’t know how I’m meant to feel anymore, and when do you think it will all become clear? † from ‘The Fear’ by Lily Allen (2009). Many different religions now exist and people tend to mix the styles and genres with one another. Baudrillard said it is hard to find guidance in our lives as sources of authority and moral leadership are often undermined, they seem almost irrelevant. In the past we believed anything that religious leaders told us, simply because they were a religious leader, but this is no longer the case as we are now sceptical. We live in a world of images, and so it is hard to distinguish between image and reality as we live in a world where media simulations are more ‘real’ than the reality that we live in. Anthony Giddens said we live in a new form of modernity where we have lost faith in the ‘project of modernity’. We are now able to try out many different cultures in a globalised world. Life is now more uncertain than before. So to sum up, we live in a society characterised the coexistence of many different subgroups and cultures; the erosion of traditional social classes; the growth of movements such as environmentalism, feminism and ethnic politics; the absence of agreed standards for evaluating what is true/false and right/wrong; the blurring of what is real and not; and experimentation with self-identity. Stewart Clegg said that organisations are different in the post-modern age. For example, in the modern age there is rigid authoritarian control; mass consumption; it is dominated by technology and is demarcated and deskilled. Whereas, in the post-modern age there is flexible and democratic control; niche markets; it is enabled by technology and is undemarcated and multi-skilled jobs. Postmodernists believe that the advent of postmodernity has led to significant changes in religion. In particular, they see it as leading to the decline of traditional church-based religions in which believers follow rules laid down by their religion, and the growth of new age beliefs where people can pick and choose their own belief systems. Marxist religion is all about the ruling class owning the means of production, and through wealth they derive power which allows control over the superstructure of society. Ruling class ideology of religion keeps the ruling class in power by discouraging the working classes from realising they are being exploited and in turn trying to rebel against the ruling class power. Karl Marx famously described religion as the ‘opium of the masses’, by this he meant that religion was seen as being like a drug that helps people deal with pain, much like ‘opium’. Religion promises eternal life in heaven for people who accept religion. As the biblical quote says ‘it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye if a needle, than for s rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven’. It offers hope of supernatural intervention to end suffering, for example, Jehovah’s witnesses believe that judgement day will arrive and those who are not religious will be judged and punished. Marx saw religion as a mechanism of social control. It creates false class consciousness, mistaken beliefs about the true nature of social life, which justify the position of the ruling class. This prevents the working class developing class consciousness, in which they become aware that they are exploited, and unite to overthrow the capitalist system that exploits them. Marx believed the only escape of this exploitation was communism, this way religion would no longer be necessary. Without social classes there would be no need for religion as its sole purpose was to legitimate ruling class power. Religion would therefore disappear. For example, in the Soviet Union under communist leadership from 1917 to 1990 the state consistently opposed the existence of religious beliefs and destroyed many Russian orthodox churches, as well as mosques and synagogues. The Marxist view of religion has been proven in many societies across the world; some examples of these are the Hindu caste system and evangelical Christianity in Latin America. In the Hindu caste system in India, people were divided into 5 castes based upon their supposed degree of religious purity. The Brahmins (priests) were at the top and the untouchables (unskilled labourers) at the bottom. This supports the Marxist view since no movement was permitted between castes, this system ensured the ruling class maintained their power and control and justified the lowly position of those at the bottom in terms of their religious impurity. The new Christian right have encouraged the spread of protestant religious beliefs in predominantly catholic Latin America countries particularly amongst the poor in shantytowns. This supports the Marxist view of religion as protestant religious beliefs provide religious discipline and hope of salvation in afterlife to some of the poorest in Latin American societies, discouraging them from supporting radical catholic liberation theology and encouraging support for US-style capitalist values. However Marxist view can also be criticised, just a few criticisms would be that Marxist only focus on one possible role of religion in society and it ignores the much broader range of effects religion might have. Another criticism would be that attempts to destroy religion in communist countries were not successful. Religion survived in the USSR and Catholicism thrived in communist Poland. Much like Marxists, feminists believe that religion does not serve the interests of society as a whole, and only serves the interests of a particular social group. They see religion as being patriarchal, male-dominated, and serving the interests of men. Karen Armstrong argued that religion has not always been patriarchal and that in early history women were considered central to spirituality and archaeologists have found numerous symbols of the great mother goddess, in comparison there were few portrayals of male gods. With the advent of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, monotheistic religions largely replaced polytheistic religions. In all these cases god was portrayed as a male. Jean Holm argues that in the public sphere of religion when important positions are held, men almost always dominate. However, in the private sphere, women are dominant and do most of the religious work. Holm has identified inequality between men and women in all major world religion. Some examples of these inequalities are shown in Christianity/roman Catholicism; Islam; Hinduism; Chinese folk religions; Orthodox Judaism and Sikhism.

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buy custom Merck essay Merck is a giant drug company in the US that has been recently caught in the act of trying to defraud the medical fraternity with the involvement of its in house doctors who posed as Independent Scientists in an investigation into the safety of a drug named Vioxx that has been on the limelight for all the wrong reasons. In his testimony, Graham, a senior drug safety researcher observed that Vioxx had killed over 50,000 Americans and caused over 100,000 heart attacks (Adams). Misused Data Since this company had data that included feedback from clients who had been affected by the negative side effects of the drug in question, the management should have worked on making the drug safer. However, its senior management tried to hide the truth so as to win the approval of FDA which is the biggest drug safety agency in the US. The truth of the fraud came into the picture following lawsuits by people who had been affected by the fake drugs. The results After it became pretty obvious that Merck was engaging in a mud smearing campaign to discredit the media, the company went ahead to seek immunity from lawsuits. The company also voluntarily withdrew Vioxx from the market citing cardiovascular risks which it had initially denied (Kaufman, 2004). As a result Merck has lost its credibility as a genuine drug manufacturing company and this has led to lower business profits and associations. Merck had to part with $670 Million as fine for Medcal fraud (Comer, 2008). Limitations and significance of the data Merck engaged in a dire effort to change the label of the drug so as to remove uncertainty over the negative effects of the drug. The company trained the marketers to encourage doctors to provide any issue relating to the drug in a written form so that the management would work on them. This meant that Merck had concealed all the evidence. The significance of this was so that the public would have no idea of the kind of business that Merck engaged in which later on leaked in to the public limelight. Ethical implications Mercks aim was to increase sales and not to educate the public on the negative effects of the drug (Kaufman, 2004). This is an ethical dilemma that Merck did not address and instead trained its sales team to boost the sales of the drug despite their full knowledge about the negative effects of the drug. As a result therefore, congress observed that there was need to give FDA more powers to regulate the drug business in the US. The revelation of the on-going fraud has led to a bad reputation of this one time big company. Role of decision making in business Decision making refers to the act of coming up with an informed conclusion basing on the facts and opinions collected regarding a given issue. It is important in business since it not only acts as the basis of action but enccourages progress as well. For instance, if Mercks Board of Directors made the right decision basing on the information they had about the drug, the company would have progressed to amazing heights. Further, decision making helps in enhancing efficiency of staff and management basing on the available strategies and policies. Roles of emotion and fairness in decision making Emotions play a major role in decision making as it is the thin line that separates logical thinking from emotional decision making. More often than not we fail to recognize the role of emotion in decision making yet it is a reality that we cannot divorce from the decision making process (Dirk). Fairness on the hand is a question of morality which is equally important in decision making. Many business leaders will make decisions that are fair to their clients in order to avoid losing business. If at all business managers in Merck made their decisions basing on emotion and fairness, chances are very high that they would not have been caught red handed in the fraud mess. Conclusion Business organizations should be able to engage its management in serious decision making training that will seek to sell the corporate image of an organization in a rather positive way. In order to avoid such cases like the one that faced Merck, business leaders should be able to instill professional ethics as well as critical thinking in running the business organization. Buy custom Merck essay

Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea

Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the right marketing mix for price, promotion, product, and place for Yorkshire Tea to put it at a competitive edge with its key competitors by identifying and determining the right market and their needs to tailor its product to meet customer needs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Yorkshire Tea is one of the tea beverages that are widely consumed by a number of people in the beverage market occupying about 27% of drinks besides alcohol, water, soft drinks, and coffee. Research has shown that Yorkshire Tea occupies a 20% share of the market while its closest competitors PG Tips is estimated to occupy 18%, Twinning’s estimated to occupy 18%, Tetley estimated to occupy 16%, and Other brands that occupy 28% of the market. The demographic consumption of Yorkshire tea is characteristic of a n even distribution. Product information is readily available online, magazines, newspapers, and other retail outlets. Methodology A five member team was formed to conduct the research discussed as follows. These members consisted of Leo, Emma, Jason, Imad, and the group leader. The team planned way before hand on the tools to use for conducting the interview and analysing the results. According to their plan, questionnaires were administered on a number of male and female participants. The percentage composition of the participants in age was designed as follows: below 16-2%, 17-25-42%, 26-35-34%, 36-45-18%, 46-59-4%, and above 60-0%. The team had identified the outside of the shopping mall located near Univercity. Each participant was required to provide information by filling in the questionnaire on one’s most preferred drink, and the frequency with which the drink of choice was taken. In addition to that, participants were required to fill in the questionnaire on the most preferred tea among the range of tea beverages that were perceived to be York Shire’s Tea competitors. Competing tea beverages against Yorkshire that were researched on included, Yorkshire Tea itself, PG Tips, Twinning’s, Tetley, and other tea beverages from other destinations. Each participant was required to indicate how they came to know Yorkshire Tea with the options of Televisions, magazines, Newspapers, and people to select from. Other information sources could be online and an individual’s own encounter with the product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to article Novak (2010, p.1), further research was conducted on the volume of sales of York Shire Tea and the packaging done on the product. The effect of different packaging methods and the perceived value and customer loyalty to the brand thus created were identified to range from light red, dark red, blue, brown, and green and their respective percentage packaging were analyzed. Customers supplied information on their preferred product price, which was evaluated on the scale of very expensive, expensive, fair, and cheap to very cheap. The information was presented graphically for analysis purposes. According to McNamara (n.d, p.1), each respondent was required to provide information on the most preferred customer they thought the product was tailored to target. In addition to that, each participant provided recommendations on any improvements to be made on the product they thought was desirable to meet their needs. Results and Analysis According to the research it was established that Yorkshire Tea (n.d, p.1) enjoyed a 20% consumption rate as compared to its competitors. Data was analyzed and presented graphically. It was established that other tea beverages competitively occupied 28% of the market, while the closest competitors had 18% and 16% shares in the market. That indicated how competitive the market was in terms of customer base for the product to maintain a strong customer base and sustain its position and increase its market share. Thus the concept of place, where to market the product, its brand name could seriously impact on its position in the market. The quality of product packaging, consumption warranties and other aspects should be incorporated in product design and differentiated to meet target market needs. According to the Novak (2010, p.1), the research indicated that the pricing of the product should be consistent with market demographics, which could depend on, among other factors production costs of Yorkshire Tea, supply chain components such as transportation. McCarthy (2010, p.1) argues that other pricing components for consideration included warehousing, advertising costs, public relations, and administration activities. According to the article Yorkshire Tea, they were realized to be pertinent factors t o integrate in product promotion to succeed in sustaining and increasing the market share for the product affirmed in the article Yorkshire Tea.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internet, magazines, newspapers, and other marketing were identified to take shares in advertising the product. The Yorkshire Tea (n.d, p.1) promotional schemed were realized not meet all the marketing needs as each occupied a relatively small share. According to the article The Marketing Mix, product pricing was perceived to be relatively expensive for the majority of participants as illustrated on the figure below. Promotional actives were noted to be rare as the respondents affirmed. However, it was realized during the research that different packaging were done on the product tailored at different market needs and taste. These included packaging products in light red with a 10% liking from the customers, Dark red that had a 30% share, blue with a 20% share, Brown with 10% share, and Green with a 30% share. Based on these distributions of product innovations, the colors with a high percentage share could be enhanced and their prices tailored to attract more customers. Conclusion The research successfully established Yorkshire Tea’s competitors based on the 4 P’s of product, price, promotion, and place. Tea drinking was realized to take only 27% of the drinks consumed in the market and the need to expand on this market was clear from the research results. The product was established to take a 20% share of the market behind its key competitors who were 28% ahead of the beverage. Other close competitors were closely behind Yorkshire tea with a paltry 18% and 16% respectively calling upon producers to adopt aggressive marketing methods to attract more customers to create a strong customer base and brand loyalty, like the coca coal company. It was realized that despite the beverage being tailored to meet key target customers, a lot of innovation was needed in the side of product promotion, pricing, product innovations, and place to attract more customers. That could give the company an upper hand in the competitive market. Following the research it was recommended that future research incorporate Porter’s five industry forces along with the 4 P’s approach, and value chain analysis and their effects on the strength of the product in the market and sustainability and strategies to gain a bigger market share. It was recommended further that Yorkshire Tea producers incorporate key competing elements characterizing their competitors, identify, and evaluate their weaknesses and build on their strengths to thrive on success in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List McNamara, C. General Guidelines For Conducting Interviews. Basic Business  Research Methods. n.d. Web. McCarthy, J.E. Marketing Mix 4p’s Model. Value Based Management.net, 2010. Web. Novak .J. Marketing Mix. Marketing Mix. Marketing Teacher.com, Chichester, United Kingdom 2010. Web. The Marketing Mix. The 4p’s of Marketing. Marketing. NetMBA.com. Business Knowledge center, 2002-2010. Web. Yorkshire Tea. British Delights Yorkshire Tea. British Delights, 63 Power Road Unit 2, West Ford, n.d. Web.

Gladiator summary essays

Gladiator summary essays It is the year 180AD. After years of war, the armies of Rome, under the command of General Maximus Decimus Meridius (Russell Crowe), have finally won their last battle against the Barbarians of Germania. Romes Caesar, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius has come to the battlefield personally to survey the Empires final victory. In a private meeting with Maximus, whom he values like a son, the Emperor intimates his intention to return to Rome and transfer power once more away from the throne and into the hands of the Senate, as it was during the glory days of the Republic. ). But aging Aurelius realises that he probably wont live long enough to fill out his dream so he decides to bestow his position as ruler to Maximus, rather than his creepy son Commodus. The Emperors son, Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), has other plans, however. Murdering his father and taking the title of Caesar for himself, he orders Maximus and his family (Wife and daughter) taken away and killed. But Maximus the hero proves too cunning for the death squad; his family, on the other hand, does not. After coming home to his farm and finding his wife and son's dead bodies, he is captured and sold as a slave to gladiator instructor Proximo. But Maximus survives the plans of his enemies, and after a series of events leaves him in the hands of slavers, he begins a new life as a gladiator. Quickly, Maximus proves his worth and helps most of Proximo's Gladiators to stay alive. Maximus then learns by his instructor, Proximo that he can win his freedom but to win his freedom he must win the people. So Maximus goes ahead and win every battle that he faces in the arena until finally they play in the Colosseum while going under the name Spaniel. In Rome, Commodus who now has taken over the throne and thus inherits the Caesar title and becomes increasingly popular with the Roman people by daily colosseum battles whilst reve ...

Mattel Inc. Addressing the Component of Cultural Identity Among Essay

Mattel Inc. Addressing the Component of Cultural Identity Among Consumers - Essay Example Barbie the first venture of Mattel into the field of dolls was launched in 1959. Barbie was designed keeping in mind that young girls like giving the role of adults to their dolls. Mattel has been very successful in many European countries and the United States, due to its strategy of incorporating the cultural specification of these countries into its products. Its strategy of bringing variation in their products according to the philosophy, and biological traits of their consumers has made them the brand they are today (Mattel, 2011). Barbie is a brand that acknowledges the importance of cultural identity in the toy market. Biological traits for cultural acceptability have incorporated very carefully. Barbie, Mattel’s biggest and most recognized brand is very detailed in its design. The original Barbie was created to target young American girls, who wanted to grow up to be independent, beautiful women. Many parents initially had objections against playing with Barbie as many thought her physical attributes gave young girls a wrong idea about beauty. The fear was that girls might take thinness as the indicator of beauty. Consumers were worried about the wrong idea Barbie might give their children regarding the definition of beauty in their culture. Consumers who had African, Asian and other ethnic origins were also not very pleased with the physical attributes Barbie was given. Mattel counteracted these notions by coming up with Barbies that represented the culture and traditions of these specific countries. Thus, Indian, Mexican, Japanese, and African Barbies were created. These Barbies have different skin tones than the original Barbie; they are several shades darker than the original shade. The Japanese Barbie has a yellow skin color similar to the oriental skin tone. Many might point out the fact that the features of these dolls have not been changed. Only the skin tone and the clothes have been altered. By diversification of their products, Mattel accessed growing markets. (Grassel, 2011) Barbie now represents a mass- spectrum of culture to gain acceptability into the Latin American, Afro American, and Asian cultures. Barbie’s imaginary friend-circle has been very carefully designed. It is designed in such a way that young girls from all different cultures will feel included in the world of Barbie. Kayla was introduced in 1990. Her ethnic vagueness was done intentionally. She represents the Latina-young friend of Barbie. Kayla can make any young Latin American girl relate herself to Kayla’s style. The Barbie line for girls near their teens also has characters that show the importance of Hispanic and African culture in Mattel’s market segmentation. Including these characters in their doll collection gives Mattel access to consumers who hail from these cultures (Barbie, 1991). ‘Independent women are next-generation women’ is the philosophy Mattel reinforces with its product, Barbie. Girls from a very young age value their independence and dreams. The clothes and accessories donned by Barbie make the statement of her independence. She is a doctor, a nurse, an astronaut, and anything and everything she wants to be professionally. The commercials of Barbie also emphasize the abilities of women. ‘Women can be whatever they want to be’ is what Barbie wants to encourage in young girls.

Law, Government and Politics in Canada exam Essay

Law, Government and Politics in Canada exam - Essay Example The Governor General also signs bills into law. He/she also commands the armed forces, calls for elections, appoints judges and hosts other relevant tasks. However, in practice, the Governor General’s duties are symbolic in nature. In approving the laws presented to him by the PM, his /her signature is referred to as royal assent, which is simply ceremonial. In the past 80 years, the Governor General has never failed to assent to a bill and has never removed PM from office. In addition, he/she has never denied appointment and never has he vetoed a law. These laws are not written; hence subject to discussions. In conclusion, I believe that the Governor General does not have significant political power since his/her powers are symbolic and are indeed delegated to him/her by the Queen. The powers are not significant because he/she follows what has already been decided upon by either the Queen, the PM, or the Cabinet. Being a symbolic post, I think Canada can still make it without the Governor General. However, being a royal country, this symbolic figure means a lot to the country; hence the relevance. In addition, the above duties entrusted to the Governor General are relevant, and they need someone to perform them (Bogart, 2005). Question 2 I agree with the Supreme Court’s response to question on whether Under the Constitution of Canada, the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec can affect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally. In fact, this was the best answer to that question that the constitution is more than what is written there. It contains global rules and principles that govern the authority of the constitution. The Supreme Court ruled out that the constitution contains a few provisions that can be misleading if interpreted without considering underlying principles of federalism, rule of law, democracy, respect for minorities, as well as the principle of constitutionalism. The Supreme Court argued that the constit ution is based upon these principles and that democracy does not simply mean ‘simple majority rule’. Indeed, it exists in other values, given that province people and those who live in the territories live interdependently. The court argued that that would be illegal and would only be possible if the majority of Quebecers votes favored secession, which would be followed by negotiations. This would mean that all parties would be satisfied because negotiations mean that each party gives out on something in order to reach a concession (Bogart, 2005). Overall, the court’s response to the reference questions does not harm Canadian national unity. On the contrary, it supports it when it declares that the people of Canada are closely interdependent through economically, culturally, socially and politically and that a decision that would favor secession would put the strong ties at risk. To preserve national unity, the Supreme Court rule that province secession could not be come up unilaterally, under the constitution and that negotiations were necessary to reach a conclusion. The decision put into consideration, the fact that all participants have a right to contribute to constitution change through continuous discussions. In that decision, the Supreme Court added that rights of others must be respected by Quebec, and vice versa. Negotiation results would be final,

Law in a changing society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law in a changing society - Essay Example This can be put forward as an ideal solution to solve legal issues. Parties involved in the process, therefore, take it upon themselves to conduct a thorough and conclusive investigation on which they will base their argument during the trial process. Whereas, this has always been an ideal solution there are factors that should be considered. The assumption made by the legal system that all parties involved in a case have equal resources to carry out investigation may not always be correct (Parkinson 2009, p.46). The system is, therefore, likely to lock out necessary evidence on account of insufficient resources to provide this evidence. The system further fails to recognize parties that may be disadvantaged by factors such as disability and race. The law governing residential tenancies in Australia does not include boarders and lodgers. This means that when faced with a legal challenge, they can only seek justice in the Supreme Court. At the Supreme Court, they will have to argue their case through the traditional adversarial process. The cost of filing a case currently is $894. This considered, the process becomes too expensive for a person who wanted to seek justice. Over the last 30 years, the Australian legal system has sought to adopt some of the aspects of the inquisitorial system. In the section of anti-discrimination law, the Australian law now provides that there should be an investigation by an independent body. This can be done before the disputing parties get brought together to solve their disputes (Parkinson 2009, p.48). The law can be seen to have adopted some of the aspects of the inquisitorial law in the western countries. At the state and territory level, the law provides that the decision making body for allegations of discrimination should be a tribunal. The tribunal looks for evidence that is relevant to the case. The tribunal manages to go beyond the evidence

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example In America, it is estimated that guns claim eighty-four (84) lives and wound about two hundred (200) people every day (â€Å"Gun Violence† 1). In a year, more than thirty thousand individuals (30,000) die, (three thousand of which are children and teens) and over seventy thousand (70,000) are injured due to gun violence (â€Å"Gun Violence† 1). Based on this finding, guns are mostly used to execute homicide. Others used the gun to perform robbery and other petty crimes. This fact is very alarming considering that America is a high-income and industrialized country (Fontana and Keene 6). It is even considered by other states as a hegemonic and strong state. This description connotes that US has a strong mechanism with regard to its security. It is usually expected that a financially stable country could responsibly address social problems such as gun violence and crimes. Nevertheless, this is not happening in the United States today. It has been found out that Americaâ⠂¬â„¢s firearms death rate is nearly eight times higher compared to the gun-related death rate of other high-income countries in the world (â€Å"Gun Violence† 1). This fact implies that the American government has not been effective in deterring the proliferation of guns within its society.

An Unequal Division of Labour in the Medical Profession Essay

An Unequal Division of Labour in the Medical Profession - Essay Example An important goal for medical education today is professional development including gender equality and awareness of gender issues. Medical school is the breeding background for not only medical knowledge but also for professional development and careers, including equal opportunities and gender equality. In order to understand how unequal the division of labour in the medical profession actually is and the process of how it has changed from the past to the present, the following points must be considered: Historically both the gendered role of nursing and the sex of nurses were almost exclusively female. More than half of the people involved in health care have always been women. Historically, women were considered healers, and it was they who gave almost all the medical help that was available until two centuries ago. It may well be said that most practical medicines were in the hands of women in the past times. Even though women were more often than not completely ignored when applying for admittance to medical schools, it was almost solely women, who gathered herbs and infused them into vegetable remedies, bathed the arthritic and manipulated their joints, and looked after pregnant women and delivered their babies. â€Å"However in classical Egypt for many centuries women had a significant role as physicians, notably in the medical schools at Heliopolis and Sais.† (Carr, n.d.). During the dark ages, the best-known woman was Hildegarde of Bingen (1098-1179), who apparently had visions explained to her in Latin by a voice from heaven, and concluded by writing two medical manuscripts on plant animal and mineral medicines, and on physiology and the nature of the disease. Women were also involved in folk, alternative, and commercial medicine at this time, although many notable women who specialized in these areas are hard to classify.

European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

European Union - Essay Example European Union In this respects, each countries specializes in the production of good or services that are relatively economical and cheaper to produce then exchange their surplus with those of other countries with resources for the production of the alternatives. One of such trade groupings is the European Union (EU). The EU was formed with the aim of coordinating and regulating then economic and trading activities of the main European countries. Through this agency, all the trading and economic activities of the member countries are regulated by this body. This body was formed to oversee the leading economic growth and development of Europe. However, the formation of this body has impacted on the economic and industrial performance of many countries within Europe. Even with the growth and growth potential in Europe, the formation of this trade regulatory body has negatively affected the infant industries of the developing countries in Europe, with no economic bargaining power. This has limited their growth and trade development potential. Free trade refers to a government policy that helps to avoid discrimination against imports or any kind of interference with imports through application of tariffs to (imports) and/or subsidies to (exports). It aims at getting rid of unfair trade barriers in the global market plus aims at helping to raise the economy in both developed and developing countries. Free trade has highly devastated European industries and jobs at large. Free trade leads to adverse working conditions.

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example In America, it is estimated that guns claim eighty-four (84) lives and wound about two hundred (200) people every day (â€Å"Gun Violence† 1). In a year, more than thirty thousand individuals (30,000) die, (three thousand of which are children and teens) and over seventy thousand (70,000) are injured due to gun violence (â€Å"Gun Violence† 1). Based on this finding, guns are mostly used to execute homicide. Others used the gun to perform robbery and other petty crimes. This fact is very alarming considering that America is a high-income and industrialized country (Fontana and Keene 6). It is even considered by other states as a hegemonic and strong state. This description connotes that US has a strong mechanism with regard to its security. It is usually expected that a financially stable country could responsibly address social problems such as gun violence and crimes. Nevertheless, this is not happening in the United States today. It has been found out that Americaâ⠂¬â„¢s firearms death rate is nearly eight times higher compared to the gun-related death rate of other high-income countries in the world (â€Å"Gun Violence† 1). This fact implies that the American government has not been effective in deterring the proliferation of guns within its society.

European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

European Union - Essay Example European Union In this respects, each countries specializes in the production of good or services that are relatively economical and cheaper to produce then exchange their surplus with those of other countries with resources for the production of the alternatives. One of such trade groupings is the European Union (EU). The EU was formed with the aim of coordinating and regulating then economic and trading activities of the main European countries. Through this agency, all the trading and economic activities of the member countries are regulated by this body. This body was formed to oversee the leading economic growth and development of Europe. However, the formation of this body has impacted on the economic and industrial performance of many countries within Europe. Even with the growth and growth potential in Europe, the formation of this trade regulatory body has negatively affected the infant industries of the developing countries in Europe, with no economic bargaining power. This has limited their growth and trade development potential. Free trade refers to a government policy that helps to avoid discrimination against imports or any kind of interference with imports through application of tariffs to (imports) and/or subsidies to (exports). It aims at getting rid of unfair trade barriers in the global market plus aims at helping to raise the economy in both developed and developing countries. Free trade has highly devastated European industries and jobs at large. Free trade leads to adverse working conditions.

Enron Essay Example for Free

Enron Essay To provide the students with a thorough and detailed understanding of the underlying concepts and accounting treatment of inter-corporate long-term investments (consolidations and business combinations). To introduce and discuss topics including foreign currency transactions, translating foreign operations, hedge accounting, not for profit accounting, interim and segmented reporting. To discuss and draw student’s attention to current developments within the accounting profession. Course Description:Reporting relevant financial information subsequent to long-term inter-corporate investments. The preparation of consolidated financial statements with emphasis on their economic substance rather than legal form. Texts:Modern Advanced Accounting in Canada, Hilton/Herauf, 5TH Edition C. I. C. A. Handbook Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (specific sections indicated on the syllabus) Evaluation: Final grades will be determined as follows: Mid-term exam 30% Final exam 70% Although the completion of weekly assignments does not factor into the final grade, their importance cannot be over emphasized. The lectures provide the basic knowledge and the assigned problems build on that knowledge. Completion of these assignments is an absolute minimum for the student to gain an understanding of the subject matter. Assignments will be reviewed in class. Students are responsible for all materials for the exams, whether or not it is covered in class. Exams will be a combination of all types of questions based on all sources, and students may be required to integrate theoretical concepts from the text to substantiate their arguments. No make-up tests or make-up assignments are allowed in this course. â€Å"In the event of extraordinary circumstances beyond the University’s control, the content and/or evaluation scheme in this course is subject to change. † Course Requirements:Calculators Only non-programmable, no-tape, noiseless calculators are permitted. Calculators capable of storing text are not permitted in tests and examinations. Dictionaries Dictionaries are not permitted. Handheld Devices Handheld devices capable of storing text and having calculator functionality (e. . Palm, etc. ) are not permitted. Additional Information: Methodology The material covered in the classroom will be used to supplement textbook readings. Each class will consist of a lecture lasting approximately one and half to two hours. The remainder of the class time will focus on review of all assigned problems and exam writing techniques. Every chapter should be read twice. The first reading should be done prior to attendi ng class and the second reading should be done after the class discussion of the chapter. The questions at the back of each chapter follow directly from the reading. Students should be able to answer these questions after a thorough reading of the material. Academic Integrity:Code of Student Conduct McGill University values academic integrity. Therefore all students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic offences under the Code of Student Conduct and Disciplinary Procedures (see www. mcgill. ca/integrity for more information). Luniversite McGill attache une haute importance a lhonnetete academique. Il incombe par consequent a tous les etudiants de comprendre ce que lon entend par tricherie, plagiat et autres infractions academiques, ainsi que les consequences que peuvent avoir de telles actions, selon le Code de conduite de letudiant et des procedures disciplinaires (pour de plus amples reseignements, veuillez consulter le site www. mcgill. ca/integrity). Final Exam Policy:Regulations Students should not make other commitments during the final exam period. Vacation plans do not constitute valid grounds for the deferral or the rescheduling of examinations. See the Centre Calendar for the regulations governing Examinations: http://www. mcgill. ca/conted-students/exams/regulations/ Students are required to present their I. D. Card (with photo) for entrance to their examination. Conflicts If you are unable to write your final examination due to scheduling conflicts, you must submit a Final Exam Conflict Form with supporting documentation at least one month before the start of the final examination period. Late submissions will not be accepted. For details, see http://www. mcgill. ca/conted-students/exams/conflicts/ Exam Timetable Examination schedules are posted at the Centre and on the following page approximately 6-8 weeks before the examination period commences http://www. mcgill. ca/conted-cms/exams/ The Centre cannot provide examination dates over the telephone. Classroom Rules:All electronic devices (cell phones and beepers) must be turned off during class time. Assignments Pickup:Marked assignments cannot be picked up from the offices at Continuing Education, therefore if your marked assignments are not available in class before the end of term you must submit a self-addressed stamped envelope to you instructor or these assignments will not be returned. Remember to keep a photocopy or back-up of your creative work before it is handed in to your instructor. Email Policy:E-mail is one of the official means of communication between McGill University and its students. As with all official University communications, it is the students responsibility to ensure that time-critical e-mail is accessed, read, and acted upon in a timely fashion. If a student chooses to forward University e-mail to another e-mail mailbox, it is that students responsibility to ensure that the alternate account is viable.

Role Of Bureau Of Energy Efficiency Construction Essay

Role Of Bureau Of Energy Efficiency Construction Essay The Government of India set up Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) on 1st March 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to assist in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. This will be achieved with active participation of all stakeholders, resulting in accelerated and sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all sectors. Mission: The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy efficiency services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of the country. The primary objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the economy.   Objectives: To exert leadership and provide policy  recommendation and direction to national energy conservation and efficiency efforts and programs.   To coordinate energy efficiency and conservation policies and programs and take it to the stakeholders To establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency  results in individual sectors as well as at a macro level. To leverage multi-lateral and bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of  Energy Conservation Act and efficient use of energy and its conservation programs. To demonstrate delivery of energy efficiency services as mandated in the EC bill through  private-public partnerships. Provide a policy  recommendation and direction to national energy conservation activities Coordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy with shareholders Establish systems and procedures to verify, measure and monitor Energy Efficiency (EE)    improvements Leverage multilateral, bilateral and private sector support to implement the EC Act  2001 Demonstrate EE delivery systems through public-private partnerships The Bureau would obtain inputs and co-opt expertise from private sector, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and technical agencies, both national and international, to achieve these objectives. Energy Conservation Act 2001: Recognizing the fact that efficient use of energy and its conservation is the least-cost option to mitigate the gap between demand and supply, Government of India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act 2001 and established Bureau of Energy Efficiency . The mission of BEE is to develop policy and strategies with a thrust on self regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the EC Act with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. The EC Act provides for institutionalizing and strengthening delivery mechanism for energy efficiency services in the country and provides the much-needed coordination between the various entities. This act created Bureau Of Energy Efficiency in order to implement the features of the act at central and state level. The salient features of this act are as follows: Reduction of energy consumption using efficiency and conservation measures. Reduce the need to create new capacity, hence saving the resources and green house gases emission. Secure environmental benign and sustainable growth. Stimulate market transformation in favor of energy efficient products and appliances. Energy Consumption Trends: The following graph shows the breakup of energy consumption(%) according to the sectors: This graph shows the energy consumption(%) trend in commercial buildings Total no. of units of energy consumed in commercial buildings are 33 billion units This graph shows the energy comsumtion(%) trend in residential bulidings Total no. of units of energy consumed in residential buildings are 116 billion units. Role of BEE: BEE co-ordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies and other organizations and recognize, identify and utilize the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act 2001. The Energy Conservation Act 2001 provides for regulatory and promotional functions Functions of BEE: The Major Regulatory Functions of BEE include: Develop minimum energy performance standards and labeling design for equipment and appliances Develop specific Energy Conservation Building Codes Activities focusing on designated consumers Develop specific energy consumption norms   Certify Energy Managers and Energy Auditors   Accredit Energy Auditors   Define the manner and periodicity of mandatory energy audits   Develop reporting formats on energy consumption and action taken on the recommendations of the energy auditors   The Major Promotional Functions of BEE include: Create awareness and disseminate information on energy efficiency and conservation   Arrange and organize training of personnel and specialists in the techniques for efficient use of energy and its conservation Strengthen consultancy services in the field of energy conservation   Promote research and development   Develop testing and certification procedures and promote testing facilities Formulate and facilitate implementation of pilot projects and demonstration projects Promote use of energy efficient processes, equipment, devices and systems Take steps to encourage preferential treatment for use of energy efficient equipment or appliances   Promote innovative financing of energy efficiency projects Give financial assistance to institutions for promoting efficient use of energy and its conservation   Prepare educational curriculum on efficient use of energy and its conservation   Implement international co-operation programmes relating to efficient use of energy and its conservation Schemes Under BEE The aim of this institution is to stimulate market transformation and initiate other interventions in favor of Demand Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the country. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency has initiated many schemes for improving energy efficiency and many of them are DSM measures also. They are being entertained under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. The programmes under BEE are mentioned below: Lighting Demand Side Management Standards Labeling Programme Energy conservation Building code Investment Grade Audits in Buildings Star rating and labeling of buildings Municipal Demand Side Management Agriculture Demand Side Management Lighting Demand Side Management: The large contribution of (domestic, commercial and street) lighting to peak loads makes it attractive for the utility to offer incentives for the adoption of efficient lighting practices by consumers. This would result in reduction of costly peak-load power procurement. This has led some distribution companies to incentivize purchase of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) by the consumers. BEE has initiated Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) Scheme to promote energy efficient lighting in India. Bachat Lamp Yojana is a program by the government of India under this scheme to reduce the cost of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs, i.e., energy saving lights) sold to consumers. Three types of ICL lamp wattages commonly in use viz. 40 W, 60 W and 100 W are likely for replacement under the BLY scheme. The BLY scheme upon implementation would result in reducing an estimated : 6000 MW of electricity generation capacity translating into a potential saving of INR 24000 crores per annum Combined GHG emission savings on replacing an estimated 400 million ICLs with CFLs would result in reducing 20 million tonnes of (CO2) from grid-connected power plants. There are no mandatory requirements in India requiring the use of energy efficient CFL at the household level. Hence, the BEE has prepared a unique project design where three key players the BEE, the investors and the Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) come together and supply the households with CFLs voluntarily. To bridge the cost differential between the market price of the CFLs and the price at which they are distributed to households, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is harnessed. The investor would cover the project cost through the sale of Green house gas (GHG) emission reductions achieved in their respective project areas. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Standards Labeling Programme: The Standards and Labeling programme is a key thrust area of BEE. Central Government, under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 has powers to direct display of labels on specified appliances or equipment. The objectives of this program is to provide the consumer an informed choice about the energy saving, and thereby the cost saving potential of the marketed household appliances or other equipment. This is expected to impact the energy savings in the medium and long run while at the same time it will position domestic industry to compete in such markets where norms for energy efficiency are mandatory. The scheme was launched by the Honble Minister of Power on 18 May 2006 and is currently invoked for 10 equipments/appliances, e.g. ACs, Tube lights, Refrigerators, Distribution Transformers, Motors, Geysers, Ceiling fans, Color TVs, Agricultural pump sets and LPG stoves, of which the first 4 are being notified under mandatory labeling from 6th January, 2010. In the future, the scheme will cover several more domestic and industrial equipments and appliances with the objective of conserving the power consumed by these. The programme seeks to: Introduce Notification for mandatory labeling. Have an extensive and sustained outreach and awareness campaign to educate consumers. Include 20 high energy consuming end use equipments and appliances by 2012. Initiate check testing by an Independent Agency (RITES) to ensure credibility of the scheme. Stimulate market transformation in favor of energy efficient equipments and appliances that adhere to Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS). (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Energy Conservation Building Code Energy Efficiency in Existing Building programme: What are ECBC? ECBC set minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction. ECBC encourage energy efficient designs or retrofit of buildings so that it does not constraints the building function, comfort, health productivity of the occupants. Moreover it has appropriate regards for economic considerations. The ECBC provides design norms for: Building envelope, including thermal performance requirements for walls, roofs, and windows; Lighting system, including day lighting, and lamps and luminaries performance requirements; HVAC system, including energy performance of chillers and air distribution systems; Electrical system; and Water heating and pumping systems, including requirements for solar hot-water systems. The code provides three options for compliance Compliance with the performance requirements for each subsystem and system; Compliance with the performance requirements of each system, but with tradeoffs between subsystems; and Building-level performance compliance. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Investment Grade Audits in Buildings: Energy audit studies in buildings have shown large potential for energy savings both in government and commercial office buildings. Study of the available data has shown that there is an urgent need for improved energy efficiency of buildings. BEE is promoting the implementation of energy efficiency measures in existing buildings through Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) which provide an innovative business model through which the energy-savings potential in existing buildings can be captured and the risks faced by building owners can also be addressed. The performance-contract based payments for energy savings achieved through the interventions carried out by the ESCO ensure that savings are achieved and that the payments by the building owners to the ESCO are related to the achievement of these savings. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Star Rating and Labeling of Buildings: The Star Rating Program for buildings would create a demand in the market for energy efficient buildings based on actual performance of the building in terms of specific energy usage. This programme would rate office buildings on a 1-5 Star scale with 5 Star labeled buildings being the most efficient. Five categories of buildings office buildings, hotels, hospitals, retail malls, and IT Parks in five climate zones in the country have been identified for this programme. Initially, the programme targets the following 3 climatic zones for air-conditioned and non- air-conditioned office buildings: Warm and Humid Composite Hot and Dry It will be subsequently extended to other climatic zones. To apply for rating of office buildings, a standardized format is developed for collection of actual energy consumption: data required includes buildings built up area, conditioned and non-conditioned area, type of building, hours of operation of the building in a day, climatic zone in which building is located, and other related information of the facility. The Technical Committee constituted for Energy Base lining and benchmarking of commercial buildings chaired by Director General, Bureau of Energy Efficiency shall be the technical committee for the scheme. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Municipal Demand Side Management: The global trend towards increased urbanization requires municipal bodies to provide services such as streetlights, solid waste management, sewage treatment disposal, etc. All these activities consume significant amount of electricity, usually in an inefficient manner. The cost of energy sometimes constitutes more than 50% of the municipalitys budget and implementing efficiency measures could reduce it by at least 25%. There is a potential to save around 10 billion rupees by implementing energy efficiency measures. Almost all municipal bodies depend on government support to meet their development and operating expenses. Government of India, through the Bureau of Energy Efficiency has initiated a programme to cover 175 municipalities in the country by conducting investment grade energy audits and preparation of detailed project reports. Energy Service Companies are being encouraged to take up the implementation of the programme with the help of financial institutions. Utilities must encourage implementation of DSM measures to relieve their network of such inefficient load. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Agriculture Demand Side Management: Agriculture accounts for about 27% of electricity consumption in the country, which is increasing due to rural electrification efforts of the Government. The electricity is largely used in agricultural pump sets which generally have very poor efficiency. Most of the pilot projects as well as other studies project potential of 45-50% by mere replacement of inefficient pumps. Overall electricity savings (from 20 million pumps) is estimated at 62.1 billion units annually. This is estimated to translate in to the yearly savings of 18000 crores, which reduce the subsidy burden of states with that same amount. Since agricultural tariffs are usually the lowest and also highly subsidized, there is no incentive to the agricultural consumer to improve efficiency of the pump set. However, utilities are not able to recover economic price on every unit of energy sold to these categories of consumers and therefore need to aggressively target these consumers for DSM measures. BEE has prepared an Ag ricultural DSM (Ag. DSM) programme in which pump set efficiency upgradation could be carried out by an Energy Service Company (ESCOs) or the distribution company. The Ag-DSM programme for preparation of DPRs has already been initiated by BEE as pilot projects in 5 states, viz, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab Rajasthan. One DPR in Solapur dist of Maharashtra is ready for implementation purpose. The result of the study is encouraging with the saving potential of 40% by replacement of inefficient pumps with Star rated pump sets. BEE is also developing a methodology for CDM in Ag-DSM project so that it becomes more attractive. The implementation for replacement of inefficient pumps with Star rated pump sets will be done through the ESCO/Utility who would invest in energy efficiency measures on a rural pump set feeder on which supply quality enhancements (such as feeder segregation High Voltage Direct Supply [HVDS]) have already been carried out. The intervention would lead to lo wer energy supply on the feeder, and hence, could result in lower subsidy to be paid by the State Government. Part of the savings in the subsidy would be paid to the ESCO/Utility on an annual basis, over a period of time, to pay for their investment in pump set upgradation. To ring-fence the payment security mechanism, a large Financial Institutions may be brought in to provide loan to the project as well as adequate payment security mechanism to the investors. Utilities can play the important role of Monitoring and Verification. Government, through BEE is providing resources to create a shelf of bankable DPRs in the agriculture sector to mainstream the scheme. The European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) is the European Commissions advisory body on internal EU energy market issues. It was set up on 11 November 2003 by a European Commission. ERGEG is charged with advising and assisting the European Commission in ensuring the creation and smooth functioning of the internal energy market in Europe. In 2007, the European Unions leaders pledged their agreement to energy-climate objectives known as 20-20-20 i.e. a binding 20% renewable energy target by the year 2020, reducing Europes CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 (and by 30% if there is an international agreement), and increasing overall energy efficiency by 20% by 2020. In January 2008 the European Commission published its Climate Change and Energy Package, designed to meet these objectives.

threats to Families :: essays research papers

Threats to Families A force threatening today’s families in America is strictly the society in which we live. Society has become more and more of a problem. The problem seems to be universal no matter what age you are. The influences of society seems to be changing and is very debatable. Violence, music, and traditions being broken are three key factors of society threatening families in today’s day and age. Values truly come from the family you were raised in and how you, personally, were brought up. Outside influences can have a positive or negative impact on the family as a whole or as an individual member of a family. The main threatening force is violence. Not only is it in movies and T.V.shows, but now it has gotten to the point where it is displayed in schools. For example, the Columbine shooting was totally unexpected; no one seemed to know about it. There’s not much a family can do in that particular situation. No matter how much a parent discusses the dangers of violence, a child still could be tempted by outside influences. A way to prevent this type of problem is to engage in a variety of community activities all together as a family and stress the importance of family values such as love and respect to the children being raised.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Music is a key factor on influencing a family unit today. The influences of music affect children in different ways. In the 1950’s, the attitude of music was very different than it is now. The music was much more innocent. Today, children relate to each other and are setting different standards for themselves in a negative way. Kids hear explicit lyrics which then encourage some of them to get involved in sexual activity or relationships that they are not ready for because they are too young. Children should not be influenced by lyrics of words, but sadly enough it is proven that they take lyrics literally and try and imitate that individual. Not only do children listen, but they also watch and learn from elders. A threatening force are all of the young pop stars who dress inappropriately and the children, once again, try and mimic them which is a very negative concern. The only way to prevent children from being negatively influenced is to monitor what the y are watching and what type of music he or she is listening to.

Hieroglyphic Writing :: essays research papers

Right from the beginning the deciphering of the mysterious Egyptian writing fascinated everybody. In 1799 a certain Captain Bouchard of the French Army was supervising work on the fortifications of Fort St. Julian, situated a little more than four kilometers outside the town of Rosetta when hi workmen discovered a stone which was destined to achieve great fame in archaeological history. It was in fact the â€Å"Rosetta Stone† which led to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs. As a result of the fortunes of war this precious stone fell into the hands of the British who gave it a place of honor in the British Museum. On one face of the stone, a tablet of extremely hard black basalt, there is a long trilingual inscription; the three texts begin written one above other. The first of the inscriptions, 14 lines long, is written in hieroglyphs. The second, 32 lines long, is written in demotic, from the Greek word â€Å"demos† meaning people, which refers to a type of script used by ordinary people. The third inscription, 54 lines long, is in Greek and hence was comprehensible. This latter text, translated without difficulty, proved to be a priestly decree in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes which finishes with a formal instruction that â€Å"this decree, engraved on a tablet of hard stone, in three scripts, hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek, shall be engraved in each of the great temples of Egypt†. The honor of deciphering the hieroglyphs fell to two scholars, the Englishman Thomas Young and the Frenchman Francois Champollion who started work on it almost the same time and who were to see their efforts crowned by success. What Young achieved by instinct Champollion achieved by scientific method and with such success that by his death in 1832 he could leave behind him a grammar and a very substantial dictionary of ancient Egyptian. But what did this writing that the Greeks called hieroglyphic, from â€Å"hiero glyphica† that is â€Å"sacred signs† actually consist of? The ancient Egyptians themselves called their written texts â€Å"the words of the gods†. In fact according to tradition men were taught to write by the god Thot himself during the reign of Osiris. Down through the centuries the writing retained a sacred character and more or less magical powers.

Toxic Water

Turn the tap on and drink a glass of water. Does it taste funny? Is it clear? The water you are drinking may be toxic without any such indicators. Water is all around us; it is essential for life. Over two thirds of earth’s surface is covered by water, ___________________but everyone only wants and need clean water. Each year, water pollution increases and continues to be responsible for harming our environment. According to Duhigg (2009) of the New York Times, more than 100 wells were polluted by agricultural runoff within a few month time period, affecting livestock such as pigs and cows (n. . ). Water pollution is a silent and deadly pollution – bacterium can be tasteless, colorless, and scentless. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009) says that the United States has the safest water supplies in the world, but states that when water sources became contaminated, they can easily cause widespread sickness and disease from waterborne germs including Cryptosporidium, E. coli, Hepatitis A. , Giardia intestinalis, and other pathogens. Despite progress reducing water pollution from the largest sources, our country still faces serious pollution challenges. Violations are still too widespread, and enforcement too uneven. We need to do better controlling pollution. Water pollution can occur through natural process, but many times water pollution is mostly a result of human activities. Water is used every day in our homes and industries; the average of water use in the United States is approximately about 100 gallons per day per person. The water we use and drink is taken from lakes, rivers, and wells and from underground (groundwater); and after we have used and contaminated it, most of it returns to these locations (DES, n. d. , p. 1). Everyone must be aware of pollution in order to avoid it. Despite the efforts to decrease water pollution, the USA continues to faces a serious pollution challenges (US Environmental, 2009, n. p. ) Pollution is all around us; no one is safe, therefore the federal and state government and especially the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must reinforce the rules and to prohibit pollution and to protect public health. Through this paper I will be addressing the followings: 1. How do people know if water is safe? 2. Who is responsible for ensuring water is safe? 3. What are the effects of consuming toxic water? . How can people protect their families from toxic water? How do people know if water is safe? Is your drinking water safe? The CDC and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), reports that people getting sick from drinking tap water is unusual (Dean, 2009, n. p. ). The EPA states that â€Å"the Unite States enjoys one of the best supplies of drinking water in the worldâ₠¬  (2003, p. 1). Over the years many people did not worry about their quality of water, the EPA assures that tap water in the USA meets the federal and state standards ( 2003, p. 1). In the other hand, Who is responsible for ensuring water is safe? Congress Passed a law in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation’s public drinking water supply and protecting sources of drinking water what is called the Safe drinking water Act (SDWA) (EPA, 2003, p. 2). The EPA is responsible for regulate What are the effects of consuming toxic water? According to Monroe County Department of Environmental Services (DES), â€Å"Some major types of water pollution include microbiological, chemical, oxygen depletion, nutrients, and suspended matter (n. d. p. 2). Microbiological: Disease-causing (pathogenic) microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses and protozoa can cause swimmer to get sick. People who eat contaminated fish and shellfish can become ill. Some serious diseases that are waterborne are polio and cholera (DES, n. d. p. 2). Chemical: There are many varieties of chemicals from industries, such as metal and solvent, and even chemicals which are formed from the breakdown of natural wastes (i. e. ammonia) poisoning fish and other aquatic life and polluting water. (DES, n. d. p. 2). DES states that â€Å"Pesticides used in agriculture and around the home are other types of toxic chemicals† (n. d. p. 2). Other material such as detergent foam and oils float that have water ody, many times offensive odors, these chemical are responsible for making rivers caught on fire. Do to the chemical wastes many times flammable, the Cuyahoga River, Ohio, caught fire (n. d. p. 2), so what are people drinking? Oxygen-depleting Substances: Nutrients: How can people protect their families from toxic water? Conclusion â€Å"To keep this used water from spoiling our water resou rces, pollutants must removed from the water before its discharged back into the environment† (DES, n. d. p. 4). To improve water quality state and federal water program must be enforced to address serious new threats (EPA, 2009, p. 6).